how to reference what someone else has referenced
How to Quote | Commendation Examples in APA, MLA & Chicago
Quoting ways copying a passage of someone else'southward words and crediting the source. To quote a source, you lot must ensure:
- The quoted text is enclosed in quotation marks or formatted as a block quote.
- The original writer is correctly cited.
- The text is identical to the original.
The exact format of a quote depends on how long it is and which citation style you are using. Quoting and citing correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism.
How to cite a quote in APA, MLA and Chicago
Every time you quote, you must cite the source correctly. This looks slightly dissimilar depending on the citation mode you're using. Three of the most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago.
Citing a quote in APA Mode
To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the writer'due south last proper noun, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a unmarried page, use "p."; if information technology spans a page range, employ "pp."
An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative. In a parenthetical citation, y'all place all the information in parentheses afterward the quote. In a narrative commendation, y'all name the author in your sentence (followed past the year), and identify the folio number later the quote.
Punctuation marks such as periods and commas are placed after the citation, not within the quotation marks.
- Development is a gradual process that "tin act just past very curt and irksome steps" (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).
- Darwin (1859) explains that evolution "tin act merely by very short and boring steps" (p. 510).
Citing a quote in MLA Way
An MLA in-text commendation includes but the author's last name and a page number. As in APA, it can be parenthetical or narrative, and a menses (or other punctuation mark) appears after the citation.
- Evolution is a gradual process that "can human activity but past very short and slow steps" (Darwin 510).
- Darwin explains that evolution "tin human action only by very brusk and slow steps" (510).
Citing a quote in Chicago Style
There are 2 versions of Chicago Style commendation: the author-date arrangement, and the notes and bibliography system.
The author-date arrangement looks like to APA: you include the author, year, and page number in parentheses.
- Evolution is a gradual process that "tin human action but by very short and slow steps" (Darwin 1859, 510).
- Darwin (1859) explains that evolution "can human action only past very short and slow steps" (510).
The notes and bibliography system uses footnotes to cite sources. A notation, indicated past a superscript number placed straight afterwards the quote, specifies the author, title, and page number—or sometimes fuller information.
Unlike with parenthetical citations, in this way, the period or other punctuation mark should announced within the quotation marks, followed by the footnote number.
1. Darwin, The Origin of the Species, 510.
In all styles, you also need to listing all the sources you lot cited at the end of your newspaper. The requirements for formatting this list vary by commendation style.
APA Reference PageMLA Works CitedChicago Bibliography
Block quotes
If you quote more than a few lines from a source, you must format it equally a block quote. Instead of using quotation marks, you set the quote on a new line and indent it so that it forms a carve up block of text.
| Citation mode | When to block quote |
|---|---|
| APA |
|
| MLA |
|
| Chicago |
|
Block quoting is most common in literary analysis, where detailed analysis of the original text requires y'all to quote at length.
Block quotes are cited the same as regular quotes, except that if the quote ends with a menstruation, the commendation appearsafter the menses.
To the end of his days Bilbo could never remember how he establish himself outside, without a lid, a walking-stick or any money, or anything that he usually took when he went out; leaving his 2d breakfast half-finished and quite unwashed-upwards, pushing his keys into Gandalf'due south hands, and running equally fast as his furry feet could carry him downwards the lane, past the swell Factory, across The Water, and so on for a mile or more. (xvi)
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Introducing quotes
Avoid including quotations as entire stand-solitary sentences. Each time you quote, yous must introduce it in your own words. This shows the reader why you lot're including the quote and how it relates to your argument.
In that location are iii main strategies you lot can utilise to innovate quotes in a grammatically correct way. The post-obit examples apply APA Style citations, only these strategies can exist used in all styles.
Introductory judgement
Introduce the quote with a total sentence followed by a colon.
If you proper name the author in your sentence, you may use present-tense verbs, such every bit states,argues,explains, writes, orreports, to depict the content of the quote.
- In Denmark, a recent poll shows that support for the European union has grown since the Brexit vote: "A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 per centum of Danish voters" (Levring, 2018, p. three).
- Levring (2018) reports that support for the Eu has grown since the Brexit vote: "A membership referendum held today would be backed past 55 percent of Danish voters" (p. 3).
Introductory signal phrase
Apply a bespeak phrase that mentions the writer or source, just doesn't form a full sentence. In this case, you follow the phrase with a comma instead of a colon.
- Co-ordinate to a contempo poll, "A membership plebiscite held today would exist backed by 55 pct of Danish voters" (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
- As Levring (2018) explains, "A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters" (p. 3).
Integrated into your own judgement
To quote a phrase that doesn't form a full sentence, you lot can as well integrate it as part of your sentence.
- A contempo poll suggests that European union membership "would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters" in a referendum (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
- Levring (2018) reports that European union membership "would exist backed by 55 percent of Danish voters" in a referendum (p. 3).
Shortening a quote
If some parts of a passage are redundant or irrelevant, yous tin can shorten the quote by removing words, phrases, or sentences and replacing them with three dots, called an ellipsis. Most mode guides specify that there should be a space before, after, and between each of the dots.
When you shorten a quote, be careful that removing the words doesn't change the meaning. The ellipsis indicates that some text has been removed, merely the shortened quote should still accurately stand for the author'due south point.
When should you use quotes?
In academic papers and essays, you should avoid relying also heavily on quotes. When you want to refer to information or ideas from a source, it'southward often best to paraphrase, which means putting the passage in your own words. This shows that yous have fully understood the text and ensures your own vocalisation is dominant.
However, at that place are some situations in which quotes are more appropriate.
When focusing on linguistic communication
If yous want to annotate on how the author uses language (for example, in papers about literature, linguistics, communication and media), it is necessary to quote so that the reader can see the exact passage yous are referring to.
When giving evidence
To convince the reader of your argument, interpretation or position on a topic, it's often helpful to include quotes that support your bespeak. Quotes from master sources (for example, interview transcripts or historical documents) are particularly credible as evidence.
When presenting an author'due south position or definition
When you're referring to secondary sources such as scholarly books and journal articles, the occasional concise quote tin can be used to present other authors' theories, arguments or ideas. You can quote to show that your point is supported past an authority on the topic, or to critique a position that you disagree with.
Try to put others' ideas in your own words when possible. But if a passage does a peachy task at expressing, explaining, or defining something, and it would be very difficult to paraphrase without changing the meaning or losing the impact, it could be worth quoting directly.
How many quotes should yous utilize?
The amount of quotes you should include depends on your subject of study and topic of research.
In scientific subjects, the information itself is more than of import than how information technology was expressed, and so quotes should by and large be kept to a minimum. In the arts and humanities, withal, well-chosen quotes are ofttimes essential to a practiced paper.
In social sciences, the amount of quotes you lot use depends partly on whether you lot're doing qualitative or quantitative research. If you're dealing mainly with numbers and statistics, you shouldn't include many quotes, simply if you're dealing mainly with words, you will need to quote from the information yous collected.
As a general guideline, we recommend that quotes take up no more than than 5–x% of your paper. If in doubt, check with your instructor or supervisor how much quoting is appropriate in your field.
Oft asked questions about quoting sources
- What is a block quote?
-
A block quote is a long quote formatted every bit a separate "block" of text. Instead of using quotation marks, you place the quote on a new line, and indent the unabridged quote to marker information technology apart from your own words.
The rules for when to employ block quote formatting depend on the citation way:
- APA block quotes are 40 words or longer.
- MLA block quotes are more than than 4 lines of prose or three lines of verse.
- Chicago block quotes are longer than 100 words.
- What is verbatim plagiarism?
-
Verbatim plagiarism ways copying text from a source and pasting it directly into your own certificate without giving proper credit.
Even if you lot delete a few words or replace them with synonyms, information technology notwithstanding counts as verbatim plagiarism.
To employ an author's exact words, quote the original source by putting the copied text in quotation marks and including an in-text citation.
If you're worried abotu plagiarism, consider running your piece of work through a plagiarism checker tool prior to submission, which work past using advanced database software to scan for matches between your text and existing texts.
Scribbr's Plagiarism Checker takes less than x minutes and can help y'all turn in your paper with confidence.
- What is incremental plagiarism?
-
Incremental plagiarism means inserting quotes, passages, or excerpts from other works into your assignment without properly citing the original source.
Fifty-fifty if the vast majority of the text is yours, including any content that isn't without citing it is plagiarism.
Consider using a plagiarism checker yourself earlier submitting your work. Plagiarism checkers work by scanning your document, comparing it to a database of webpages and publications, and highlighting passages that appear similar to other texts.
Scribbr's Plagiarism Checker takes less than ten minutes and tin can help you turn in your paper with confidence.
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